Sureau (Sambucus)

Publié mercredi 13 mai 2015 Commenter 114
Sureau en fleurs

Sommaire

Sureau : en bref

Nom scientifique
Sambucus
Provenance / Origine
Europe
Période de semi
Toute l'année en conteneur
Période de floraison
Mai-juin
Couleur de floraison
Blanc, crème, orangé, rosé
Température
Jusqu'à -20°C en hiver
Exposition à la lumière
Soleil à mi-ombre
Reproduction
Semis
Hauteur
2 à 3 m
Acidité du sol
Toutes
Entretien
Taille
Type biologique
Vivace
Maladies
Virus de la tache annulaire, maladie du corail, oïdium
Type de feuillage
Caduc
Période de récolte
Juillet-septembre

Classification de la plante

Règne
Plantae
Sous-règne
Tracheobionta
Division
Magnoliophyta
Classe
Magnoliopsida
Sous-classe
Asteridae
Famille
Caprifoliacées

Le sureau, un classique de nos campagnes

Le sureau est un arbuste au feuillage caduc mais précoce et dense. Il pousse vite, jusqu'à 5 m de haut, et ne demande pas d'arrosage une fois bien installé. Le sureau n'est pas une plante compliquée, et ravit les jardiniers débutants comme les plus confirmés. De plus, ses belles floraisons blanches, rosées, orangées ou crème, sont très appréciées. De nombreux coloris de feuillage existent enfin.

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Le sureau est un fruitier ancien et généreux, connu pour les vertus culinaires et médicinales de ses fruits. La fructification a lieu à l'automne. Le sureau produit de petites baies, rouges ou noires. Attention : on ne consommera que les baies de Sambucus nigra, après cuisson.

Petit plus : le sureau est un abri pour la biodiversité. En effet, il offre un abri et une source d'alimentation aux oiseaux des jardins, ainsi qu'aux papillons.

Quel sureau choisir ?

Si vous souhaitez cuisiner les baies, en confiture par exemple, choisissez une variété comestible, de l'espèce Sambucus nigra. Cette espèce donne, en été une floraison parfumée. Les baies sont de couleur noire. De plus, le Sambucus nigra gagne davantage en ampleur que les autres espèces.

Une autre espèce bien connue est Sambucus racemosa, ou sureau à grappes. Cette fois-ci, l'espèce donnera des baies écarlates, et sa floraison, au printemps, sera inodore.

Dans tous les cas, si vous achetez un sureau en motte ou conteneur, choisissez de préférence un plant jeune. Pas d'inquiétude, il rattrapera rapidement ses congénères plus âgés. Un jeune sureau reprendra mieux.

Enfin, choisissez l’espèce de sureau selon vos goûts : il existe des variétés au feuillage et à la floraison très variables.

Cultiver le sureau

La plantation a lieu, de préférence, en motte en automne. Le sureau s’accommode de différents sols. Il préférera cependant un sol humifère, frais et souple. Le sol peut être pauvre, aucun apport d'engrais ne sera nécessaire. Choisissez de préférence un emplacement ensoleillé.

Une taille au début du printemps est conseillée, pour favoriser le feuillage. Enlevez un quart du bois ancien, pour ne pas nuire à la floraison. L'arrosage aidera la plante au début, mais n'est pas utile plus tard.

Les propriétés du sureau

Les baies du sureau noir sont comestibles, ainsi que les fleurs. Vous pouvez utiliser les baies, riches en vitamines, pour réaliser par exemple des confitures ou des gelées. Attention à ne bien consommer que les baies du sureau noir ! Les autres sont toxiques.

Le sureau pourra également être très utile dans votre jardin: utilisé en purin, il pourra vous servir à la fois d'insecticide, de fongicide et d'engrais bio !

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