Quelles variétés de pommiers choisir?

Publié lundi 17 août 2015 Commenter 37
Pommes de différentes variétés

Sommaire

La majorité des pommiers actuellement cultivés dérivent de l’espèce Malus Pumila, qui pousse spontanément en Europe. Dans l’hémisphère Nord, la plantation de pommiers s’étend sur une zone immense : entre 30 et 60° de latitude. Cet article présente les exigences climatiques et les préférences de sol des différentes variétés ainsi que les caractéristiques de leurs fruits. Selon votre situation et vos désirs, vous pourrez déterminer quelle variété choisir.

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Certaines variétés de pommiers ont besoin du froid pour se développer. C’est le cas par exemple des pommiers Rome Beauty et Northern Spy qui demandent près de 1000 heures d’exposition au froid par an. Ces variétés s’adaptent mieux aux climats continentaux. Cependant, la plupart des pommiers demandent une faible période de froid et peuvent ainsi se développer dans toute la France : Red delicious, Golden delicious, Reine des reinettes, Reinette du Canada se plairont dans vos jardins où que vous habitiez ! D’autres variétés ont un besoin en froid faible et donc sont plus adaptées à la zone méditerranéenne. Ce sont des variétés souvent originaires d’Afrique du nord: Aigre de Sfax, Early Mac Intosh, Winter Banana.

Résistance au froid en hiver

De façon générale, le pommier ne craint pas tellement le froid, c’est une espèce rustique. Cependant, certaines variétés sont spécialement résistantes : Antonovka, Astrakan rouge, Belle fleur jaune, Borowitsky, Cortland, Gravenstein, Jonathan, Mac Intosh, Northern spy, Reinette de Landsberg, Transparente blanche. D’autres variétés, qui entrent tard en hivernage, sont plus sensibles au froid : Winesap et Granny Smith.

Sensibilité au gel printanier

Les variétés les plus sensibles au gel printanier sont celles qui fleurissent tôt. On peut citer principalement les pommiers Gravenstein, Belle de Boskoop, Astrakan rouge, Mac Intosh.

Pluviosité

Certaines variétés se plaisent particulièrement dans les zones très humides en période de végétation, par exemple: Cox’s orange pippin, Belle de Boskoop et Rainette clochard.

Adaptation au sol

Les pommiers redoutent les terres compactes et peu perméables. Ils aiment les sols profonds, sains, aérés et bien drainés. Si le sol a les qualités requises précédemment, alors la texture importe peu : les pommiers s’adaptent très bien aux sols sableux et argileux. Ils supportent aussi le calcaire à condition que le drainage soit bon.

Le goût des fruits

Si vous plantez un pommier dans le but d’en croquer les fruits, vous devrez le choisir par rapport aux caractéristiques de ses pommes. Aussi, si la Belle de Boskoop est très croquante, très parfumée et légèrement acidulée, la Reine des Reinettes est ferme mais assez fondante en bouche, très sucrée et extrêmement parfumée. La Winter Banana est parfois sèche et n’a pas une chair de couleur uniforme mais elle est acidulée et révèle un parfum légèrement musqué rappelant la banane.


Une fois que vous aurez pris en compte ces différents éléments et arrêté votre choix, vérifiez, si l’arbre n’est pas déjà greffé, que la variété soit adaptée à un potentiel porte-greffe présent dans votre jardin ! (cf. La greffe d'arbres fruitiers)

Voir aussi : planter des pommiers, taille des pommiers et poiriers en hiver.

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