Artichaut (Cynara scolymus)

Publié dimanche 01 décembre 2013 Commenter 87
artichauts

Sommaire

Artichaut : en bref

Nom scientifique
Cynara scolymus
Provenance / Origine
Afrique du Nord
Période de semi
Fin Mai
Période de floraison
Eté
Couleur de floraison
Mauve
Température
15-20°C, craint le gel
Exposition à la lumière
Soleil
Composition du sol
Riche, drainé
Acidité du sol
Acide
Type biologique
Vivace herbacée
Maladies
Graisse
Type de feuillage
Persistant
Insectes et animaux ravageurs
Pucerons, nématodes, noctuelles

Classification de la plante

Sous-règne
Tracheobionta
Division
Magnoliophyta
Classe
Magnoliopsida
Sous-classe
Asteridae
Ordre
Asterales
Famille
Astéracées

Fidèle au jardin, si on en prend soin!

Si dans les champs de culture de l'artichaut, la plante est cultivée annuellement voire trois fois par an, vous pouvez garder votre plant d'artichaut de 5 à 15 ans!

Mais pour cela, il faudra s'occuper convenablement de votre (ou vos) pied d'artichaut.

Tout d'abord, l'artichaut demande un sol profond: il s'enracine en effet jusqu'à 60 cm de profondeur et ses racines couvrent un cône d'un diamètre de près de 1,20 m au bout de 2 ans de végétation!

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Le sol devra aussi être un peu acide, assez riche en matière organique et surtout drainé car l'artichaut n'aime pas se retrouver les pieds dans l'eau. Une fertilisation minérale en azote, phosphore et surtout potasse devra être apportée tous les ans.

C'est une plante qui craint le gel. A 0°C, les bractées de l'inflorescence commencent à s'écarter (le capitule est alors dit « brusqué »).

A -4°C, ces mêmes capitules meurent. Enfin, la plante entière meurt si la température tombe sous -10°C.

L'optimum de températures pour sa croissance est alors de 15 à 20°C.

Si vous souhaitez multiplier vos plants, il est assez aléatoire de la faire à partir des graines.

Le mieux est de le faire en bouturant des œilletons, en avril: il s'agit de prélever un rameau de la plante mère avec des œilletons, puis de laisser des racines s'y développer dans de la terre légère et humide.

Sachez tout de même qu'après 5 ans, un pied d'artichaut devient en général moins productif, alors il est préférable d’en changer l'emplacement!

Récolte et dégustation

La récolte doit se faire avant l'ouverture des bractées de l'inflorescence.

Les têtes d'artichaut se conservent alors 1 semaine maximum, mais on peut les garder jusqu'à 3 semaines sous plastique et dans le réfrigérateur.

La tête d'artichaut se consomme crue ou cuite, mais attention car la cuisson fait que l'artichaut s'oxyde rapidement une fois qu'elle est terminée (d'où par exemple le jus de cuisson qui devient vert), ce qui peut entrainer la formation de composés toxiques.

Du capitule, on ne consomme que le réceptacle, après en avoir ôté les bractées et les fleurs filamenteuses. On peut aussi consommer la base des bractées, que l'on « râpe » avec les dents! Tout cela s'accompagne très bien d'une vinaigrette ou d’une mayonnaise.

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