Comment récolter le miel ?

Publié mercredi 02 mars 2016 Commenter 115
Pot de miel

Sommaire

A quel moment récolter ?

Le miel se récolte uniquement sur les cadres cirés contenus dans la ou les hausses, au dessus du corps de la ruche (voir l’article « Installer une ruche dans son jardin »). La récolte du miel doit répondre à différents impératifs. Dans un premier temps, il faut que les cadres soient bien remplis et que la majorité des alvéoles soient refermées par ce qu’on appelle un opercule. Ce dernier est construit par les abeilles pour conserver le miel à humidité constante (18%), taux optimal de conservation.

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Ensuite, choisissez un jour calme, ensoleillé et de préférence sans vent pour réaliser la récolte. Vous aurez relativement peu d’abeilles présentes dans la ruche.

Vous pouvez récolter le miel dès que ces deux conditions sont réunies. Ainsi, il peut y avoir jusqu’à deux récoltes dans l’année : une au printemps et une en été. Ne récoltez pas trop tard en été (avant mi-août) pour laisser aux abeilles le temps de faire des provisions supplémentaires pour l’hiver.

Préparer la ruche pour la récolte

Il existe différentes méthodes pour enlever les abeilles des plaques pleines de miel que l’on souhaite extraire.

La plus simple est certainement l’utilisation d’un chasse-abeille. Cet outil est une plaque que l’on place entre la hausse et le corps de la ruche. C’est une barrière à sens unique : les abeilles peuvent descendre de la hausse vers le corps de la ruche, mais ne peuvent pas remonter. Ainsi, en plaçant ce cadre la veille de la récolte, au soir, vous aurez une hausse complètement vide au moment de récupérer les plaques le lendemain.

Il existe d’autres méthodes, mais qui vont davantage déranger votre colonie. La plus utilisée est notamment celle où vous devez enlever les abeilles des cadres manuellement, à l’aide d’une brosse à abeille et d’un enfumoir. L’inconvénient de cette technique est que la fumée peut donner un mauvais goût au miel si vous en mettez trop. Vous risquez également de créer la panique dans la ruche et de voir les abeilles s’énerver. Si vos ruches sont proches d'une zone d’habitations (à moins de 100 m), mieux vaut opter pour le chasse-abeilles.

Evitez toute coulure de miel. Cela pourrait attirer d’autres abeilles et provoquer un phénomène de pillage de la ruche.

Une fois que vous avez récupéré les cadres, remettez-en d’autres pour que les abeilles puissent refaire des réserves.

Extraire le miel

La première étape d’extraction consiste à retirer les opercules grâce à un couteau dédié. Il vous suffit de couper cette couche sur toute la longueur du cadre, et pour les deux côtés.

Ensuite, placez le cadre dans un extracteur de miel. Cette machine est disponible dans le commerce. Elle va permettre de faire sortir le miel des alvéoles grâce à la force centrifuge. Attention, le miel doit être rapidement extrait après sortie de la ruche, tant qu’il est encore chaud. Sinon, il refroidit et se solidifie dans les alvéoles.

Enfin, faites couler le miel dans un maturateur (cuve de maturation) en le faisant passer par un filtre. Cette opération permet une décantation : les particules les plus grosses coulent au fond de la cuve et les plus petites remontent. Ainsi, il vous suffit de retirer la fine couche de particules du dessus puis de couler votre miel dans des pots.

Il est prêt à être dégusté !

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