La Fonte de semis

Publié lundi 18 février 2013 Commenter 30
fonte de semis

Sommaire

 

Des graines qui ne germent pas

 

La fonte de semis désigne des semis dont une partie des graines, réparties en taches ou plaques, ne germent pas. Les coupables sont des champignons (mycélium diffus dans le sol, et non pas le champignon avec un pied et un chapeau!) qui se nourrissent impunément soit des graines, soit des petites plantules (graines récemment germées). Ceci survient dans des sols humides où Pythium, Phytophtora, Botrytis, Ryzochtonia solani et Fusarium (les champignons responsables) se plaisent. Ils s'attaquent aux racines, au collet (zone de jonction entre les racines et la tige), aux tiges des jeunes plantules : ces dernières se courbent puis s'affaissent.

 

Tous les légumes peuvent être touchés

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La fonte de semis peut toucher tous les légumes (en particulier le concombre, les oignons...) que vous semez directement en terre. Plus le sol est frais, humide, plus il risquera de survenir. Ce sont donc souvent les cultures précoces qui sont atteintes. Si le semis est trop profond, ou trop dense, les plantules seront plus fragiles et donc plus attaquées.

 

L'enrobage des graines, une protection chimique

Les semences achetées sont parfois entourées d'une gaine colorée contenant des fongicides. Ces pesticides tuent les champignons et permettent à la graine de germer. Cependant, n'étant que jardinier, et non maraîcher, il n'est pas obligatoire de recourir à cette protection chimique.

 

La solution : la prévention et un bon composte !

 

Le plus simple est d'anticiper les problèmes. Une fois installés, les champignons peuvent rester très longtemps dans votre sol. Il existe notamment un état inactif dans lequel ils peuvent rester des années, même dans des conditions de sécheresse et de température très contraignantes. Comme en hibernation, ils attendent les conditions favorables pour envahir de nouveau. Le terreau que vous achetez en jardinerie peut être infesté. Préférez donc produire votre propre composte que vous enrichissez de branchages et retournez régulièrement (une fois par mois) afin de l'aérer et d'obtenir un bon terreau noir au bout de 2 ans. Votre composte sera riche en de nombreux micro-organismes variés, certains d'entre eux lutteront sûrement contre les champignons de la fonte de semis. Ceci a déjà été observé dans des sols, c'est ce que l'on appelle des sols résistants !

Enfin, effectuez des semis sûr : attendez les températures supérieures à 18°C, n'enfouissez pas les graines trop profond (l'épaisseur de terre au dessus doit être équivalente à la taille de la graine), ne semez pas si le sol est trop humide, arrosez juste assez pour permettre la germination.

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